HMS Resolution (1772-5)¶
HMS Resolution was on James Cook’s Second expedition. (Along with HMS Adventure).
Their observations were published in A voyage towards the South pole, and round the world.
On board the Resolution was astronomer William Wales who kept a log of the voyage containing additional weather observations.
Conversion scripts¶
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Process digitised logbook data from Cook's Resolution obs into
# IMMA records.
use strict;
use warnings;
use IMMA;
use Getopt::Long;
use FindBin;
use Date::Calc qw(Decode_Month);
use MarineOb::lmrlib
qw(rxltut ixdtnd rxnddt fxeimb fwbpgv fxtftc ix32dd ixdcdd fxbfms);
use MarineOb::declination qw(magnetic_to_true);
use MarineOb::WindTerms qw(WordsToBeaufort);
my $Ship_name = 'ResolutiC';
my ( $Year, $Month, $Day, $Hour );
my $Last_lon;
my $Last_lat;
my $Lat_flag = 'S';
my $Lon_flag = 'E';
my $Last; # previous ob
for ( my $i = 0 ; $i < 3 ; $i++ ) { <>; } # Skip headers
while (<>) {
my @Fields = split /\t/, $_;
my $String = $_;
if ( lc( $Fields[2] ) =~ /we/ ) { $Lon_flag = 'W'; }
if ( lc( $Fields[2] ) =~ /ea/ ) { $Lon_flag = 'E'; }
if ( $_ =~ /^\s*(\d\d\d\d)\s+(...)/ ) {
$Year = $1;
$Month = Decode_Month($2);
if ( $Month == 0 ) { die "Bad month $2"; }
next;
}
my $Ob = new IMMA;
$Ob->clear(); # Why is this necessary?
push @{ $Ob->{attachments} }, 0;
if ( defined( $Fields[0] ) && $Fields[0] =~ /(\D*)\s+(\d+)/ ) {
$Day = $2;
$Hour = 12; # Noon by default
if ( defined($1) ) {
my $Hr = $1;
if ( $Hr =~ /A.*M/ ) { $Hour = 8; } # Arbitrary morning time
if ( $Hr =~ /P.*M/ ) { $Hour = 18; } # Arbitrary afternoon time
}
}
else { next; }
$Ob->{YR} = $Year;
$Ob->{MO} = $Month;
$Ob->{DY} = $Day;
$Ob->{HR} = $Hour;
if ( defined( $Fields[1] )
&& $Fields[1] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d\.]+)\s*([NS]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LAT} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'N' || $3 eq 'S' ) ) { $Lat_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lat_flag eq 'S' ) { $Ob->{LAT} *= -1; }
}
if ( defined( $Fields[2] )
&& $Fields[2] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d.]+)\s*([EW]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LON} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'E' || $3 eq 'W' ) ) { $Lon_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lon_flag eq 'W' ) { $Ob->{LON} *= -1; }
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LAT} ) || defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) {
$Ob->{LI} = 4; # Deg+Min position precision
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LAT} ) ) { $Last_lat = $Ob->{LAT}; }
if ( defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) { $Last_lon = $Ob->{LON}; }
# Convert ob date and time to UTC
if ( defined($Last_lon)
&& defined( $Ob->{HR} )
&& defined( $Ob->{DY} )
&& defined( $Ob->{MO} )
&& defined( $Ob->{YR} ) )
{
my $elon = $Last_lon;
if ( $elon < 0 ) { $elon += 360; }
my ( $uhr, $udy ) = rxltut(
$Ob->{HR} * 100,
ixdtnd( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ),
$elon * 100
);
$Ob->{HR} = $uhr / 100;
( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ) = rxnddt($udy);
}
else { $Ob->{HR} = undef; }
# Pressure converted from inches
if ( defined( $Fields[5] ) && $Fields[5] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{SLP} = fxeimb( $Fields[5] );
}
# Gravity correction
if ( defined( $Ob->{SLP} ) && defined($Last_lat) ) {
$Ob->{SLP} += fwbpgv( $Ob->{SLP}, $Last_lat, 2 );
}
# Temperatures converted from F
if ( defined( $Fields[4] ) && $Fields[4] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{AT} = fxtftc( $Fields[4] );
}
# Extract wind direction from Remarks
if ( defined( $Fields[6] ) && $Fields[6] =~ /\w/ ) {
my $Dirn;
if ( $Fields[6] =~ /^\W*Ditto/ ) {
$Ob->{D} = $Last->{D};
$Ob->{DI} = $Last->{DI};
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~
/([NESW][\s\.]+b*y*\s*[NESW]*[\s\.]*b*y*\s*[NESW]*[\s\.]+)/ )
{
$Dirn = $1;
$Dirn =~ s/[\s\.]+//g;
$Dirn =~ s/by/x/g;
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Nn]orth/ ) {
$Dirn = 'N';
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Ee]a[sf]t/ ) {
$Dirn = 'E';
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[SsFf]outh/ ) {
$Dirn = 'S';
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Ww]e[sf][tl]/ ) {
$Dirn = 'W';
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Vv]ariable/ ) {
$Dirn = 'V';
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Cc]alm/ ) {
$Dirn = 'C';
}
else {
warn "No wind direction in $Fields[6]";
}
if ( defined($Dirn) ) {
$Dirn = sprintf "%-4s", uc($Dirn);
if ( $Dirn eq 'C ' ) {
$Ob->{D} = 361;
}
elsif ( $Dirn eq 'V ' ) {
$Ob->{D} = 362;
}
else {
( $Ob->{D}, undef ) = ix32dd($Dirn); # to degrees
if ( defined( $Ob->{D} ) ) {
$Ob->{DI} = 1; # 32-point compass
}
else {
warn "Unknown wind direction $Dirn - $Fields[6]";
}
}
}
}
# Extract wind speed from remarks
if ( defined( $Fields[6] ) && $Fields[6] =~ /\w/ ) {
my $Force;
if ( $Fields[6] =~ /^.+\.\s*Ditto/ ) {
$Ob->{W} = $Last->{W};
$Ob->{WI} = $Last->{WI};
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /(\w+\W*gale)/ ) {
$Force = $1;
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /(\w+\W*wind)/ ) {
$Force = $1;
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /(\w+\W*breeze)/ ) {
$Force = $1;
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /(\w+\W+air)/ ) {
$Force = $1;
}
elsif ( $Fields[6] =~ /[Cc]alm/ ) {
$Force = 'calm';
}
if ( defined($Force) ) {
$Force =~ s/[Ff]trong/strong/;
$Force =~ s/[Ff]re[tfi]h/fresh/;
$Force =~ s/[Ff]teady/steady/;
$Force =~ s/[Bb]rifk/brisk/;
my $F2;
if ( $Force =~ /(\w+)\s+(\w+)/ ) {
$F2 = WordsToBeaufort( $1, $2 );
}
else {
$F2 = WordsToBeaufort($Force);
}
if ( defined($F2) ) {
if ( $F2 == -1 ) {
warn "Unknown wind force term $Force";
}
else {
$Ob->{W} = fxbfms($F2); # Beaufort -> m/s
$Ob->{WI} = 5; # Beaufort force
}
}
}
}
# Fill in extra metadata
$Ob->{IM} = 0; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ATTC} = 0; # No attachments
$Ob->{TI} = undef; # Unknown time precision
$Ob->{DS} = undef; # Unknown course
$Ob->{VS} = undef; # Unknown speed
$Ob->{NID} = undef; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{II} = 10; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ID} = $Ship_name;
$Ob->{C1} = '03'; # UK
if ( defined( $Ob->{AT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{WBT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{DPT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{SST} ) )
{
$Ob->{IT} = 4; # Temps in degF and 10ths
}
# Add the text record as an attachment
chomp($String);
$Ob->{ATTC}++;
push @{ $Ob->{attachments} }, 99;
$Ob->{ATTE} = undef;
$Ob->{SUPD} = $String;
$Last = $Ob;
$Ob->write( \*STDOUT );
}
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Process digitised logbook data from William Wales Resolution obs into
# IMMA records. This set has Pressure 1 and Temperature 1.
use strict;
use warnings;
use IMMA;
use Getopt::Long;
use FindBin;
use MarineOb::lmrlib qw(rxltut ixdtnd fxeimb fwbpgv fxtftc rxnddt);
my $Ship_name = 'ResolutW1';
my ( $Year, $Month, $Day );
my $Last_lon;
my $Last_lat;
my $Lat_flag = 'N';
my $Lon_flag = 'W';
for ( my $i = 0 ; $i < 5 ; $i++ ) { <>; } # Skip headers
while (<>) {
my $Ob = new IMMA;
$Ob->clear(); # Why is this necessary?
push @{ $Ob->{attachments} }, 0;
my @Fields = split /\t/, $_;
if ( defined( $Fields[0] ) && $Fields[0] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Year = $Fields[0];
}
if ( defined( $Fields[1] ) && $Fields[1] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Month = $Fields[1];
}
if ( defined( $Fields[2] ) && $Fields[2] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Day = $Fields[2];
# printf "%04d/%02d/%02d\n",$Year,$Month,$Day
}
$Ob->{YR} = $Year;
$Ob->{MO} = $Month;
$Ob->{DY} = $Day;
# Noon obs
$Ob->{HR} = 12;
if ( defined( $Fields[3] )
&& $Fields[3] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d\.]+)\s*([NS]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LAT} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'N' || $3 eq 'S' ) ) { $Lat_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lat_flag eq 'S' ) { $Ob->{LAT} *= -1; }
}
if ( defined( $Fields[4] )
&& $Fields[4] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d.]+)\s*([EW]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LON} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'E' || $3 eq 'W' ) ) { $Lon_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lon_flag eq 'W' ) { $Ob->{LON} *= -1; }
if($Ob->{LON}>180) {$Ob->{LON} -= 360;}
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LAT} ) || defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) {
$Ob->{LI} = 4; # Deg+Min position precision
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) { $Last_lon = $Ob->{LON}; }
# Convert ob date and time to UTC
if ( defined($Last_lon)
&& defined( $Ob->{HR} )
&& defined( $Ob->{DY} )
&& defined( $Ob->{MO} )
&& defined( $Ob->{YR} ) )
{
my $elon = $Last_lon;
if ( $elon < 0 ) { $elon += 360; }
my ( $uhr, $udy ) = rxltut(
$Ob->{HR} * 100,
ixdtnd( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ),
$elon * 100
);
$Ob->{HR} = $uhr / 100;
( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ) = rxnddt($udy);
}
else { $Ob->{HR} = undef; }
# Pressure converted from inches
if ( defined( $Fields[5] ) && $Fields[5] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{SLP} = fxeimb( $Fields[5] );
}
# Gravity correction
if ( defined( $Ob->{SLP} ) && defined($Last_lat) ) {
$Ob->{SLP} += fwbpgv( $Ob->{SLP}, $Last_lat, 2 );
}
# Temperatures converted from F
if ( defined( $Fields[7] ) && $Fields[7] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{AT} = fxtftc( $Fields[7] );
}
# Fill in extra metadata
$Ob->{IM} = 0; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ATTC} = 0; # No attachments
$Ob->{TI} = 0; # Nearest hour time precision
$Ob->{DS} = undef; # Unknown course
$Ob->{VS} = undef; # Unknown speed
$Ob->{NID} = undef; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{II} = 10; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ID} = $Ship_name;
$Ob->{C1} = '03'; # UK
if ( defined( $Ob->{AT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{WBT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{DPT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{SST} ) )
{
$Ob->{IT} = 4; # Temps in degF and 10ths
}
$Ob->write( \*STDOUT );
}
#!/usr/bin/perl
# Process digitised logbook data from William Wales Resolution obs into
# IMMA records. This set has Pressure 2 and Temperature 2.
use strict;
use warnings;
use IMMA;
use Getopt::Long;
use FindBin;
use MarineOb::lmrlib qw(rxltut ixdtnd fxeimb fwbpgv fxtftc rxnddt);
my $Ship_name = 'ResolutW2';
my ( $Year, $Month, $Day );
my $Last_lon;
my $Last_lat;
my $Lat_flag = 'N';
my $Lon_flag = 'W';
for ( my $i = 0 ; $i < 5 ; $i++ ) { <>; } # Skip headers
while (<>) {
my $Ob = new IMMA;
$Ob->clear(); # Why is this necessary?
push @{ $Ob->{attachments} }, 0;
my @Fields = split /\t/, $_;
if ( defined( $Fields[0] ) && $Fields[0] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Year = $Fields[0];
}
if ( defined( $Fields[1] ) && $Fields[1] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Month = $Fields[1];
}
if ( defined( $Fields[2] ) && $Fields[2] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Day = $Fields[2];
# printf "%04d/%02d/%02d\n",$Year,$Month,$Day
}
$Ob->{YR} = $Year;
$Ob->{MO} = $Month;
$Ob->{DY} = $Day;
# Noon obs
$Ob->{HR} = 12;
if ( defined( $Fields[3] )
&& $Fields[3] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d\.]+)\s*([NS]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LAT} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'N' || $3 eq 'S' ) ) { $Lat_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lat_flag eq 'S' ) { $Ob->{LAT} *= -1; }
}
if ( defined( $Fields[4] )
&& $Fields[4] =~ /(\d+)\s+([\d.]+)\s*([EW]*)/ )
{
$Ob->{LON} = $1 + $2 / 60;
if ( defined($3) && ( $3 eq 'E' || $3 eq 'W' ) ) { $Lon_flag = $3; }
if ( $Lon_flag eq 'W' ) { $Ob->{LON} *= -1; }
if($Ob->{LON}>180) {$Ob->{LON} -= 360;}
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LAT} ) || defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) {
$Ob->{LI} = 4; # Deg+Min position precision
}
if ( defined( $Ob->{LON} ) ) { $Last_lon = $Ob->{LON}; }
# Convert ob date and time to UTC
if ( defined($Last_lon)
&& defined( $Ob->{HR} )
&& defined( $Ob->{DY} )
&& defined( $Ob->{MO} )
&& defined( $Ob->{YR} ) )
{
my $elon = $Last_lon;
if ( $elon < 0 ) { $elon += 360; }
my ( $uhr, $udy ) = rxltut(
$Ob->{HR} * 100,
ixdtnd( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ),
$elon * 100
);
$Ob->{HR} = $uhr / 100;
( $Ob->{DY}, $Ob->{MO}, $Ob->{YR} ) = rxnddt($udy);
}
else { $Ob->{HR} = undef; }
# Pressure converted from inches
if ( defined( $Fields[6] ) && $Fields[6] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{SLP} = fxeimb( $Fields[6] );
}
# Gravity correction
if ( defined( $Ob->{SLP} ) && defined($Last_lat) ) {
$Ob->{SLP} += fwbpgv( $Ob->{SLP}, $Last_lat, 2 );
}
# Temperatures converted from F
if ( defined( $Fields[8] ) && $Fields[8] =~ /\d/ ) {
$Ob->{AT} = fxtftc( $Fields[8] );
}
# Fill in extra metadata
$Ob->{IM} = 0; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ATTC} = 0; # No attachments
$Ob->{TI} = 0; # Nearest hour time precision
$Ob->{DS} = undef; # Unknown course
$Ob->{VS} = undef; # Unknown speed
$Ob->{NID} = undef; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{II} = 10; # Check with Scott
$Ob->{ID} = $Ship_name;
$Ob->{C1} = '03'; # UK
if ( defined( $Ob->{AT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{WBT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{DPT} )
|| defined( $Ob->{SST} ) )
{
$Ob->{IT} = 4; # Temps in degF and 10ths
}
$Ob->write( \*STDOUT );
}
Converted observations¶
Wales had two sets of instruments, so there are two observation files